Cramer, Robert J.; Brodsky, Stanley L.; DeCoster, Jamie (March 2009). "Expert Witness Confidence and Juror Personality: Their Impact on Credibility and Persuasion in the Courtroom". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 37 (1): 63–74. ISSN 1093-6793. Wow, this book really hammers home the realisation that work is still needed to achieve equality. It is impossible not to be angered by the outdated, almost interrogative enquiries that female crime victims are subjected to by judges. It sometimes seems as if they are the ones on trial! I was immediately impressed by Helena Kennedy’s passion and knowledge. The audiobook narrated by the author was fantastic at getting across this passion, so I would definitely recommend it. Leo, Richard A.; Davis, Deborah (March 2010). "From False Confession to Wrongful Conviction: Seven Psychological Processes". The Journal of Psychiatry & Law. 38 (1–2): 9–56. doi: 10.1177/009318531003800103. ISSN 0093-1853. S2CID 145315052.

a b c d Judith N. Shklar (1992). " passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Giving Injustice its due' ". The Faces of Injustice. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0253200556. With the exception of the accused, the key roles in the criminal justice system were the sole preserve of men until after the end of World War One. This means that large numbers of individuals have been denied access to justice because of the Government’s underspending on legal aid, which could result in tragedies for our friends and family. See Chapter 8 "THE QUEST FOR JUSTICE" in Vol 2 of von Hayeks's The mirage of social justice (University of Chicago Press, 1978). For a list discussing dozens of writers who have stated down the centuries that injustice, not justice, is the primary concept, look out for the long footnote under the sub heading "Rules of just conduct are generally prohibitions of unjust conduct" The independent Human Rights Act review, expected to report later this year, has created trepidation, given complaints by ministers about the act being exploited.A Labour government would reform the law of joint enterprise that has led to hundreds of mostly young men unjustly serving life sentences for murder, David Lammy, the shadow justice secretary, has told a protest rally at Westminster. The Bill will also enshrine a Police Covenant in law, strengthening the support received by serving and retired officers, staff and their families. In addition, maximum penalties will be doubled from 12 months to 2 years for those who assault police or other emergency workers, such as prison officers, fire personnel or frontline health workers – helping to protect those who put their lives on the line to keep communities safe. Manning, P.K. (2003). Policing Contingencies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50351-6.

The coalition, including charities, trades unions, human rights bodies and religion or belief groups, is believed to be the largest of its kind in UK history, according to Humanists UK, which established it.

Scholars, including Judith Shklar, Edmond Cahn and Barrington Moore Jr. have surveyed anthropological and historical work on injustice, concluding that the sense of injustice is found everywhere there are men and women; it is a human universal. [5] [9] [10] Wrongful convictions appear at first to be "rightful" arrests and subsequent convictions, and also include a public statement about a particular crime having occurred, as well as a particular individual or individuals having committed that crime. If the conviction turns out to be a miscarriage of justice, then one or both of these statements is ultimately deemed to be false. [37] In cases where a large-scale audience is unknowingly witness to a miscarriage of justice, the news-consuming public may develop false beliefs about the nature of crime itself. It may also cause the public to falsely believe that certain types of crime exist, or that certain types of people tend to commit these crimes, or that certain crimes are more commonly prevalent than they actually are. Thus, wrongful convictions can ultimately mold a society's popular beliefs about crime. Because our understanding of crime is socially constructed, it has been shaped by many factors other than its actual occurrence. [38] Stronger youth community sentencing options, including greater use of location monitoring and longer daily curfews, providing robust alternatives to custody.

A common cause of injustice is human selfishness. As Plato described at length in The Republic, people will often commit acts of injustice when they calculate it is in their interests to do so. [3] Plato also adds that "The highest reach of injustice is to be deemed just when you are not". Human injustice is not always caused by attempt to gain unfair advantage or malice; it may be simply the result of the flawed human decision making. With the hungry judge effect for example, studies have found that judges sitting on review boards are less likely to reach decisions favorable to applicants depending on how long it is since the judges had their last food break. [18] [19] Misuse and abuse with regard to a particular case or context may represent a systemic failure to serve the cause of justice (cf. legal vacuum). [2] [9] Popular culture [ edit ] Imran* was detained in prison under immigration powers, and was unable to access a legal aid lawyer for 9-10 months. Though being held under the same powers as many detained in immigration removal centres (IRCs), Imran was held in a prison, where conditions are more restrictive and there is less, or sometimes no, access to legal advice. Since the start of the pandemic, the Home Office has sought to hold fewer people in removal centres for Covid-19 safety reasons, placing many in prisons instead.Giannelli, Paul C. (2007–2008). "Wrongful Convictions and Forensic Science: The Need to Regulate Crime Labs". North Carolina Law Review. 86: 163. Until 2005, the parole system assumed all convicted persons were guilty, and poorly handled those who were not. To be paroled, a convicted person had to sign a document in which, among other things, they confessed to the crime for which they were convicted. Someone who refused to sign this declaration spent longer in jail than someone who signed it. Some wrongly convicted people, such as the Birmingham Six, were refused parole for this reason. In 2005 the system changed, and began to parole prisoners who never admitted guilt. These writers, and others like Simone Weil, Elizabeth Wolgast and Thomas W Simon, hold that the sense of injustice is a powerful motivational condition — unlike the sense of justice, which tends to be conceived in more abstract ways, and tends to inspire contemplation rather than action. [2] [11] [12] [13] Vrij, Aldert (2019). "Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 33 (2): 160–167. doi: 10.1002/acp.3457. ISSN 1099-0720. S2CID 149626700.