Since ancient times, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Chinese culture, in turn, has heavily influenced East Asia and Southeast Asia. [553] For much of the country's dynastic era, opportunities for social advancement could be provided by high performance in the prestigious imperial examinations, which have their origins in the Han dynasty. [554] The literary emphasis of the exams affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, such as the belief that calligraphy, poetry and painting were higher forms of art than dancing or drama. Chinese culture has long emphasized a sense of deep history and a largely inward-looking national perspective. [555] Examinations and a culture of merit remain greatly valued in China today. [556] Fenghuang County, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles [557] Nature Reserves". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15 . Retrieved 2013-12-02. The CIA World Factbook lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km 2, [14] and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km 2. [15] Adshead, S. A. M. (2004). T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History. Palgrave Macmillan. p.54.

China's first population fall since 1961 creates 'bleaker' outlook for country". the Guardian. 17 January 2023 . Retrieved 2023-01-21.

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State of Ecology & Environment Report Review". China Water Risk. 20 June 2022 . Retrieved 2023-05-19. Given concerns about population growth, China implemented a two-child limit during the 1970s, and, in 1979, began to advocate for an even stricter limit of one child per family. Beginning in the mid-1980s, however, given the unpopularity of the strict limits, China began to allow some major exemptions, particularly in rural areas, resulting in what was actually a "1.5"-child policy from the mid-1980s to 2015; ethnic minorities were also exempt from one-child limits. [452] The next major loosening of the policy was enacted in December 2013, allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child. [453] In 2016, the one-child policy was replaced in favor of a two-child policy. [454] A three-child policy was announced on 31 May 2021, due to population aging, [454] and in July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed. [455] According to the 2020 census, China's total fertility rate is 1.3, but some experts believe that after adjusting for the transient effects of the relaxation of restrictions, the country's actual total fertility rate is as low as 1.1. [456] In 2023, National Bureau of Statistics estimated that the population fell 850,000 from 2021 to 2022, the first decline since 1961. [457]

China is home to at least 551 species of mammals (the third-highest in the world), [160] 1,221 species of birds (eighth), [161] 424 species of reptiles (seventh) [162] and 333 species of amphibians (seventh). [163] Wildlife in China shares habitat with, and bears acute pressure from, the world's largest population of humans. At least 840 animal species are threatened, vulnerable or in danger of local extinction, due mainly to human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution and poaching for food, fur and traditional Chinese medicine. [164] Endangered wildlife is protected by law, and as of 2005 [update], the country has over 2,349 nature reserves, covering a total area of 149.95 million hectares, 15 percent of China's total land area. [165] [ bettersourceneeded] Most wild animals have been eliminated from the core agricultural regions of east and central China, but they have fared better in the mountainous south and west. [166] [167] The Baiji was confirmed extinct on 12 December 2006. [168] John W. Garver (1997). The Sino-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia. M.E. Sharpe. p.169. ISBN 978-0-7656-0025-7 . Retrieved 2013-07-20.

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China abandons key parts of zero-Covid strategy after protests". BBC News. 7 December 2022 . Retrieved 2023-06-30. Since the late 1990s, China's national road network has been significantly expanded through the creation of a network of national highways and expressways. In 2018, China's highways had reached a total length of 161,000km (100,000mi), making it the longest highway system in the world. [428] China has the world's largest market for automobiles, [429] [430] having surpassed the United States in both auto sales and production. The country is the world's largest exporter of cars as of 2023. [431] [432] A side-effect of the rapid growth of China's road network has been a significant rise in traffic accidents. [433] In urban areas, bicycles remain a common mode of transport, despite the increasing prevalence of automobiles – as of 2012 [update], there are approximately 470 million bicycles in China. [434] International Energy Agency (24 February 2022). "Oil Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets". IEA . Retrieved 2022-04-27. The National People's Congress (NPC), the nearly 3,000-member legislature, is constitutionally the "highest state organ of power", [192] though it has been also described as a " rubber stamp" body. [205] The NPC meets annually, while the NPC Standing Committee, around 150 members elected from NPC delegates, meets every couple of months. [205] Elections are indirect and not pluralistic, with nominations at all levels being controlled by the CCP. [195] The NPC is dominated by the CCP, with another eight minor parties having nominal representation under the condition of upholding CCP leadership. [206]

a b c "China". The World Factbook (2023ed.). Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2013-11-23. (Archived 2013 edition) Barbosa, Duarte (1918). Dames, Mansel Longworth (ed.). The Book of Duarte Barbosa. Vol.II. London: Asian Educational Services. p.211. ISBN 978-81-206-0451-3. China has participated in the Olympic Games since 1932, although it has only participated as the PRC since 1952. China hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where its athletes received 48 gold medals – the highest number of any participating nation that year. [602] China also won the most medals at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, with 231 overall, including 95 gold. [603] [604] In 2011, Shenzhen hosted the 2011 Summer Universiade. China hosted the 2013 East Asian Games in Tianjin and the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, the first country to host both regular and Youth Olympics. Beijing and its nearby city Zhangjiakou collaboratively hosted the 2022 Winter Olympics, making Beijing the first dual Olympic city by holding both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics. [605] [606] See also

The Qing dynasty, which lasted from 1644 until 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. The Ming-Qing transition (1618–1683) cost 25 million lives, but the Qing appeared to have restored China's imperial power and inaugurated another flowering of the arts. [76] After the Southern Ming ended, the further conquest of the Dzungar Khanate added Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang to the empire. [77] Meanwhile, China's population growth resumed and shortly began to accelerate. It is commonly agreed that pre-modern China's population experienced two growth spurts, one during the Northern Song period (960-1127), and other during the Qing period (around 1700–1830). [78] By the High Qing era China was possibly the most commercialized country in the world, and imperial China experienced a second commercial revolution by the end of the 18th century. [79] On the other hand, the centralized autocracy was strengthened in part to suppress anti-Qing sentiment with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce, like the Haijin during the early Qing period and ideological control as represented by the literary inquisition, causing some social and technological stagnation. [80] [81] The Chinese space program started in 1958 with some technology transfers from the Soviet Union. However, it did not launch the nation's first satellite until 1970 with the Dong Fang Hong I, which made China the fifth country to do so independently. [399] On 1 January 1912, the Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat-sen of the Kuomintang (the KMT or Nationalist Party) was proclaimed provisional president. [88] In March 1912, the presidency was given to Yuan Shikai, a former Qing general who in 1915 proclaimed himself Emperor of China. In the face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own Beiyang Army, he was forced to abdicate and re-establish the republic in 1916. [89] Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong toasting together in 1945 following the end of World War II a b Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). "Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24 . Retrieved 2017-10-24. The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)". Chinese Revolution. 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 2021-05-29.